CC12XX / CC112X Analog FM Reception

The M17 Project has been hunting for a simple one chip solution for their protocol. If you’re unaware of the M17 project, I’ll briefly summarize it, but I recommend you review their website / join their Discord/IRC/Matrix. M17 is an open source protocol for digital mobile radio (DMR). It’s currently utilizing the Codec2 voice codec for compression of voice. The protocol has support raw data frames as well.

The PHY for M17 is RRC filtered 4-FSK.

Information bitsSymbol4FSK deviation
Bit 1Bit 0
01+3+2.4 kHz
00+1+0.8 kHz
10-1-0.8 kHz
11-3-2.4 kHz
Table from the M17 specification.

The signal is designed to fit within 9kHz of bandwidth for support with analog radios and the standard 12.5kHz channel spacing.

While there is a number of integrated transceivers which support 4-FSK, but there is very few which support RRC. The M17 Team was pursuing the AX5043 based on the amazing work of NotBlackMagic. I recommend they also pursue the CC1200 as it supports M-Ary FM transmissions and reception.

I was able to quickly demonstrate analog FM reception using the CC1200. The M17 Project’s team received a few development boards shortly after that and were able to demonstrate transmission and reception of the M17 Protocol. The (extremely rough) code I used to prove FM reception is here: https://repo.curiouselectron.com/curiousmuch/cc1200_spi_ripper

An excellent example of a poor photograph.

High-level view of CC1200 SPI Ripper.

I’m using a STM32 development board strapped to a hacked up Arrow PCBA. The STM32 samples the CFM registers from the CC1200 and dumps the data over USB.

You hear example audio taken from the CC1200 below. Be careful if you’re wearing headphones as there is a bit of static.


JLCPCB 2313 Coupon, SMA Footprints, and De-embedding

In a quest to measure the input impedance of the CC1200’s LNA in the 2m amatuer radio band, I created a basic development board for the CC1200. The data lines were broken out to a raspberry-pi header, and the RF lines were routed out to edge mount SMA connectors via 50Ohm microstrip. The stackup was JLC2313.

Render of CC1200 Development Board.

This design had a number of issues.

  1. JLCPCB offers a calculator which accounts the soldermask. I didn’t use this tool and instead used KiCad’s built-in calculator which doesn’t account for soldermask. To eliminate this variable, I removed solder mask from the RF traces. This is a common practice, but in the future I should make sure to keep soldermask within the courtyard of the CC1200.
  2. I designed the microstrip to use the 7XXX stackup offered by JLCPCB and not 2313 :D, opps.
  3. The PA and LNA traces are different lengths! This means in order to de-embedded the measurements, I need to calculate the phase-delay for each length (assuming the microstrip is actually 50Ohms…it wasn’t) or perform additional measurements to de-embedded.
  4. The SMA footprint is poorly matched, but to be frank – I wasn’t completely sure of this at this time.

In light of all these issues, I decided to run back to basics and create a basic coupon based on the JLC2313 stackup using the JLCPCB calculator. The coupon was designed to used as a SOL cal standard for de-embedding a 20mm microstrip trace. A 40mm microstrip through connection was also added to quickly confirm the performance of the stackup.

Render of SOL calibration standard for 20mm microstrip de-embedding.

Lastly, after reading a few papers on proper signal launch and reviewing data from the defunked CC1200 development board, I decided to order two versions of the coupon with different versions of the SMA footprint. Both are optimized to have the smallest possible center pin pad, but version v1.0 has ground underneath the center pin, and version v1.1 has a keepout for all copper under the center pin.

Close up of SMA footprint with ground removed from center pin.

Removal of copper under the center pin was critical to achieving an excellent match. The data below was collected using the NanoVNA V2.4 using the curiousmeasurements python package.

S11 and S21 Measurements from v1.0 (no keepout) and v1.1 (keepout under center pin) revisions.

Version v1.0’s match is unusable above 1GHz, while v1.1 has a return loss <-10dB all the way to 4.4GHz. Not bad for some no-name Amazon SMA connectors…

The same continues for transfer response. The performance is excellent for v1.1. I was quite surprised how much such a small change drastically improved performance.